Health statistics are extremely important in understanding the health of Australians and identifying key health issues that impact the population.

This data helps to inform health professionals of the most prevalent diseases within the population as well as allocate resources for both the prevention and treatment of these conditions. Currently, the most up-to-date health data and statistics available are up until 2020.

Using this data provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, this article will present and compare the mortality rate for Australia between 2019 and 2020.

Overall population

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia registered and received a total of 169, 301 deaths in 2019. The median age of death for this year was 81.7 years. The top five leading causes of death contributed to just over one-third of the total deaths recorded.

In 2019, the top five leading causes of death for Australians were:

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease with 18,244 deaths recorded
2. Dementia, including Alzheimer’s contributes to 15,016 deaths
3. Cerebrovascular disease with 9,891 deaths recorded
4. Cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs, with 8,821 deaths recorded
5. Chronic lower respiratory disease contributes to 8,371 deaths.

In 2020, there was a total of 161,300 recorded deaths in Australia, approximately a 4.5% decrease from 2019. The median age of death within the Australian population for this year was 81.7 years, which was no change from 2019. Like 2019, the top five leading causes of death contributed to over one-third of the total deaths that year, and all five leading causes of death in 2020 were identical to 2019. In 2020, the top five leading causes of death were:

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease with a total of 16,587 deaths recorded
2. Dementia, including Alzheimer’s contributes to 14,575 deaths
3. Cerebrovascular disease with 9,470 deaths recorded
4. Cancer in the trachea, bronchus, and lungs, with 8,457 deaths recorded
5. Chronic lower respiratory disease contributes to 7,102 deaths.

Between 2019 and 2020, the same five conditions were the leading causes of death in Australia. Following the same trend as the overall population deaths, the total number of deaths for each of the top five leading causes in Australia has slightly decreased between 2019 and 2020.

Another key difference between 2019 and 2020 is the discovery of COVID-19. In 2020, COVID-19 was a worldwide pandemic that significantly impacted health systems around the world. COVID-19 was recorded as the cause of death for 898 deaths in 2020, coming in as the 38th leading cause of death.

Leading causes of deaths - males

In 2019, 88,346 males made up the total number of deaths in Australia. The top five leading causes of death for Australian men in 2019 were:

1. Ischaemic heart disease with 10,822 record deaths. This is nearly double the number of deaths as the second leading cause of death
2. Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, with a recorded 5,424 deaths
3. Cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs with 5,190 deaths recorded
4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases, with a recorded 4,242 deaths
5. Cerebrovascular diseases contribute to 4,089 deaths

The number of male deaths in 2020 decreased by approximately 4%, with 84,588 deaths recorded. In 2020, the top five leading causes of death for Australian males were:

1. Ischaemic heart disease with 10,040 record deaths recorded
2. Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, with a recorded 5,250 deaths
3. Cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs with 4,751 deaths recorded
4. Cerebrovascular disease with a recorded 3,974 deaths
5. Chronic lower respiratory diseases contribute to 3,706 deaths

Similar to the trend within the whole population of Australia, the total number of deaths for each of the five leading causes of death dropped between 2019 and 2020. It can also be seen that in 2020, the number of deaths caused by cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs increased by approximately 11.1%, becoming the third leading cause of death among men. In contrast to this, the total deaths among males caused by cerebrovascular disease decreased by almost 30%, dropping it to the fourth leading cause of death.

It is important to note that the sixth leading cause of death among Australian men in both 2019 and 2020 was prostate cancer. There was a slight decrease from 2019 of 1.2%, with a total of 3,568 Australian male deaths caused by prostate cancer in 2020.

Leading causes of death - females

In 2019, the ABS reported a total of 80,955 females made up the total number of deaths within Australia. The top five leading causes of death for Australian women in 2019 were:

1. Dementia, including Alzheimer’s with 9,592 deaths recorded
2. Ischaemic Heart Disease with a total of 7,422 deaths recorded
3. Cerebrovascular diseases contributed to 5,802 deaths
4. Chronic lower respiratory disease with a recorded 4,130 deaths
5. Cancer of the Trachea, Bronchus, and Lungs, with 3,631 deaths recorded.

The total number of deaths among Australian women in 2020 decreased by approximately 6.6% with total recorded deaths of 76,712. The top five leading causes of death were:

1. Dementia, including Alzheimer’s with 9,325 deaths recorded
2. Ischaemic Heart Disease with a total of 6,547 deaths recorded
3. Cerebrovascular diseases contributed to 5,496 deaths
4. Chronic lower respiratory disease with a recorded total of 4,130 deaths
5. Cancer of the Trachea, Bronchus, and Lungs, with 3,706 deaths recorded.

Unlike the whole population and Australian men, Australian females are most susceptible to Dementia and Alzheimer’s as the leading cause of death instead of Ischaemic Heart Diseases. There was also an increase in the number of deaths caused by cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs in 2020, moving this to be the fourth leading cause of death for Australian women in 2020. The other top four leading causes of death displayed a slight decrease in the number of deaths caused between 2019 and 2020.

Another significant cause of death amongst Australian females is breast cancer, which contributed to 3,230 deaths in 2019. This number decreased by approximately 3.8% in 2020, where 3,110 deaths were recorded because of breast cancer and was classified as the sixth leading cause of death among Australian women.

Leading causes of death - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

According to the ABS, there was a total of 3,435 deaths of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people recorded and registered in Australia in 2019. The median age of death for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island population was 60.9 years.

The top five leading causes of death for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people in 2019 were:

1. Ischaemic heart disease, with a recorded 405 deaths
2. Chronic lower respiratory disease with a total of 266 deaths recorded
3. Diabetes with a total of 239 recorded deaths
4. Cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs with 205 deaths recorded
5. Intentional self-harm, including suicide, with a total of 195 recorded deaths

In 2020, there was a total of 3,611 deaths of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people recorded in Australia which is a 5.1% increase from 2019. The top five leading causes of death were:

1. Ischaemic heart disease, with a recorded 401 deaths
2. Diabetes with a total of 266 recorded deaths
3. Chronic lower respiratory disease with a total of 245 deaths recorded
4. Cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs with 209 deaths recorded
5. Intentional self-harm, including suicide, with a total of 197 recorded deaths

Unlike the trends within the general population of Australia, only one of the leading causes of death among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people saw a decrease in recorded deaths. In contrast to this, chronic lower respiratory disease reported the same total in both 2019 and 2020. Diabetes saw a 3% increase, Cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs saw a 2% increase and Intentional self-harm, including suicide saw a 1.1% increase in the total number of deaths.

Age-standardised death rates

Age-standardised death rates are the average of age-specific mortality rates per 100,000 people. In 2019, the age-standardised death rates for the top five leading causes of death among Australians were:

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease: 55.5%
2. Dementia, including Alzheimer’s: 43.0%
3. Cerebrovascular disease: 29.6%
4. Cancer in the trachea, bronchus, and lungs: 28.3%
5. Chronic lower respiratory disease: 25.9%

In 2020, all five leading causes of death also saw a decreased in the age-standardised death rates:

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease: 49.0%
2. Dementia, including Alzheimer’s: 40.5%
3. Cerebrovascular disease: 27.5%
4. Cancer in the trachea, bronchus, and lungs: 26.2%
5. Chronic lower respiratory disease: 22.3%

Within this time, there has been a decrease in the rates of Ischaemic Heart Disease, Chronic lower respiratory disease, and Cancer in the trachea, bronchus, and lungs. The ABS has reported there has been a stabilisation in the rate of death due to dementia however it is evident that the gap between dementia and Ischaemic Heart Diseases is gradually narrowing.

Final thoughts

Overall, the data shows that there is a slow but gradual decline in both the number of total deaths occurring each year as well as the number of deaths caused by the top five leading causes.

However, it is concerning to see the increase in recorded deaths amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people, and this is a subgroup of the population that the government will look to target with health interventions to help reverse this trend.

With the final data and statistics for 2021 still being confirmed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and other departments, there could be a significant change in the leading causes of death as well as the overall number of deaths with the impact of COVID-19.

Resources

• https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/causes-death/causes-death-australia/2019
• https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/causes-death/causes-death-australia/latest-release